The Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage - 915 Words

Marriage; just another trendy movement that has sparked a shift in political debates or a constitutional tradition that has symbolized the unity of a man and a woman? It has been questioned whether or not this is a constitutional matter that has recently began to revamp due to the incline of divorce rates and the authorization of same sex marriages. Many decades ago, marriage was followed under uncompromising circumstances, many of which were the direct influence of religion. As the decades passed and people were allowed more freedom, many of the customs that were regarded as constitutional underwent alterations that soon questioned its constitutionality. Today, marriage is bent into many forms from the union between two people of the same sex to the marriage of two house pets. However, the biggest issue that has recently shook politics was the legalization of same sex marriage in any part of the country by the Supreme Court. After abiding by the customs of the constitution for many of the past years a situation such as this has raised question on whether these untraditional acts will be considered constitutional or not. However, because the constitution states that every American has the right to happiness and freedom homosexual marriages are in fact just as constitutional as heterosexual before. In a country populated by about 318.9 million people, problem and changes are constant and sometimes irresolvable. Since this is the case, the constitution which was written manyShow MoreRelatedLegalization Of Same Sex Marriage Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesKaye Shannelle Romuar Alfritz Arevalo Angelika Figueroa Legalization of Same-Sex Marriage I. Introduction Same-sex marriage can also be called gay marriage. This is a marriage between two males or two females, in either a religious setting or in a civil ceremony. Same-sex unions are recorded in the history of a number of cultures but this type of marriage is rare, or doesn’t exist in other cultures .The first law that provided same-sex marriage for the people was in 2001 in the Netherlands. As of JulyRead MoreLegalization Of Same Sex Marriage1594 Words   |  7 PagesWhy The Nationwide Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage Will Greatly Benefit The Economy Same-sex marriage has been a long debated issue in the United States. Since the nationwide legalization of same-sex marriage in countries such as Holland, Belgium, and Canada American gay couples have been pushing harder for equal marriage rights under the law. Opponents claim that allowing same-sex unions would not only lead to less stable marriages and higher divorce rates for heterosexual couples, but also precipitateRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage930 Words   |  4 Pagesof legalizing same-sex marriage all across the nation, after years of social, political, and cultural mobilizations of members of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community and allies. However, this achievement is not an end it itself. Leaders of the marriage equality movement, as well as community members, ask: Now what? This proposed project attempts to provide an answer for this question by looking at the perceived impact of the legalization of same-sex marriage among Black LG BTsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage938 Words   |  4 PagesRights To All Most people believe that they deserve the rights they are granted by the government. A citizen who pays their taxes, serves their community and abides by the law should be afforded the same rights as any American. However, not all citizens are afforded equal rights. Lesbians, gays, bi-sexual, and transgender (LGBT) are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbians couples are denied the right to marry even ifRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage2317 Words   |  10 PagesCavataio PHL 118: Intro to Philosophy 8/14/14 Gary Fuller One of the most heated and debated topics today is the legalization of same-sex marriage. No matter where you look, people are always expressing their opinion on this issue. Politicians, athletes, and celebrities are some of the many people who continually come out with either support or opposition of same-sex marriage. History has shown that issues regarding equality and rights take time to move forward. The women’s suffrage movementRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage1091 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of same-sex marriage is a hot topic in the U.S. approving, it in all fifty states can be harmful to the country. Same-sex marriage should not have been legalized in the United States. First, legalizing can be harmful to the society, Second, same-sex marriage it always denies a child a father or a mother, Third, legalizing It Offends some religions and violates tradition. In addition, It means all citizens should have understood of the consequences before maki ng the decision. OneRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage1411 Words   |  6 PagesNikta Kalatari Writing Assignment #1 The proposead legalization of same-sex marriage is one of the most significant issues in contemporary American family law. Presently, it is one of the most vigorously advocated reforms discussed in law reviews, one of the most explosive political questions facing lawmakers, and one of the most provocative issues emerging before American courts. If same-sex marriage is legalized, it could be one of the most revolutionary policy decisions in the history of AmericanRead MoreThe Legalization Of Same Sex Marriage1294 Words   |  6 Pages The Legalization of Homosexual Marriage Brandon Taylor Wichita State University Gay marriage, also known as homosexual or same-sex marriage, has been a major topic in our country ever since it was allowed in Massachusetts whenever the state’s Supreme Court ruled the ban as unconstitutional. It was legalized in thirty seven of the fifty states before the Supreme Court’s ruling on June 26, 2015 that it was unconstitutional to deny marriage to a same sex couple (ProCon.org, 2015). The Merriam-WebsterRead MoreLegalization Of Same Sex Marriages1390 Words   |  6 PagesLegalization of Same Sex Marriages As a Muslim, in my opinion same sex marriage is not right and same sex marriage should not be legalized. Out of this statement comes the question: what is the purpose and meaning of marriage. Can we ever explain marriage in the context of a bond between two males or two females. Can this relationship be called a â€Å"Marriage†? Whether we disguise this relationship with the label of marriage, does it become accepted into society as a real marriage? Or are we foolingRead MoreThe Legalization of Same Sex Marriage 1623 Words   |  6 Pageshow the citizens value their morals. An every day American would think that being with the same sex is not normal, or is frowned upon. Recent studies show that half of all Americans believe that gay men and lesbians have a constitutional right to marry (Craighill). Same-sex marriage has caused many conflicts around the country and even the world with multiple stand points. World views on same-sex marriage are changing day to day. â€Å"Of the 15 countries worldwide to permit gay men and lesbians to marry

Capitalism Promotes Greed and Selfishness Free Essays

Capitalism promotes greed and selfishness In capitalism country, not everybody does things with the purpose related profit. Many people also do something or help somebody because of kindness, but for the most major companies or governments in the Capitalism country, they run with the profit purpose. In this kind of operational system, people tend to be greed and selfishness. We will write a custom essay sample on Capitalism Promotes Greed and Selfishness or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, people in capitalism country being greed and selfishness because of they are in a profit running system; and most capitalism country are developed country, greed is from human nature, then in a specifically environment, it just become bigger; also, revolt is another thread to reflect the oversqueeze from the greed and selfishness level people. Mostly, people in high level, who work for capitalism government or companies, they are work for money. The only purpose to work is make money. Every time they decided to do something or develop some, it means that will bring them profit. Even people not in this way from nature, they have to be like this, because they are working in such a system. In Goldstein’s article â€Å"Capitalism moral system, greed cause its failure†, he mentioned â€Å"In fact, one of my biggest fears about entering the business world is being put into a position where I may be asked to compromise my moral integrity and how I would behave under certain pressures?. In another words, if people being too bountiful, they cannot own too much money, everything is a competition, everybody will think themselves during this competition. Greed and selfishness are the natural personality for everybody in the world, when people comment a person whether greed, selfishness or not they just focus how much percentage of this characteristic in his personality. When people in a capitalism system, the characteristics of greed and selfishness seem like put under a microscope. The reason of it is when people in a high level, they have already know and have experience of how useful the money it is, then they never back to the life with less money. People have desire, they want more, and never contented. However, it just like a trend or a flu breeding in capitalism country. When the capitalist desire more, the pressures other people get will become bigger, and when people cannot stand any more, they will against to the capitalist in many different ways. Such as the revolution in Wall Street, people protest in Wall Street, even not show any fear of the policemen. This is a side to reflect capitalist’s greed and selfishness. As what Goldstein illustrated â€Å"Capitalism is a moral system, which has unfortunately been exploited by some immoral people. Acting unethically is counter-productive to a firm’s success, but selfish people motivated by short-term gains may ignore this fact. Capitalism in an immoral management causes serious consequence. In conclusion, capitalist most likely look at the profit. For this purpose they are mostly greed and selfish, and they have more desire of money, then they just being more selfish because of covetous. Also, capitalism causes consequences, people cannot always stand the egoistical capitalists, they wi ll revolt. Therefore, capitalism mostly promotes greed and selfishness. http://www. collegiatetimes. com/stories/15078/capitalism-moral-system-greed-causes-its-failure How to cite Capitalism Promotes Greed and Selfishness, Papers

Polarimetric Signature Imaging of Anisotropic †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Polarimetric Signature Imaging of Anisotropic. Answer: Introduction Proteins are polymers constituting of amino acid monomers. Of the known types of proteins, the current paper reviews enzymes. Enzymes are remarkably similar in structure to the other proteins but their distinct functionality is always fascinating. Various methods have proved vital in the study of different enzymes with respect to their composition, functionality and enzyme kinetics and enzyme assay. This review focuses on the different technologies or methods that have been used to study enzyme assay. Summary of Protein Technologies Protein Technology Literature Reference Spectrophotometric technology Spinazzi M, Casarin A, Pertegato V, Salviati L, Angelini C. Assessment of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymatic activities on tissues and cultured cells. Nature protocols. 2012 Jun 1;7(6):1235. Polarimetric technology Wu SH, Nee SF, Yang DM, Chiou A, Nee TW. Polarimetric signature imaging of anisotropic bio-medical tissues. Biomed. Eng. Res.. 2013 Mar;2:20-9. Sampling technology Heinonsalo, J., Kabiersch, G., Niemi, R. M., Simpanen, S., Ilvesniemi, H., Hofrichter, M., ... Steffen, K. T. (2012). Filter centrifugation as a sampling method for miniaturization of extracellular fungal enzyme activity measurements in solid media.Fungal Ecology,5(2), 261-269. Electrode technology Aziz, M.A., Patra, S. and Yang, H., 2008. A facile method of achieving low surface coverage of Au nanoparticles on an indium tin oxide electrode and its application to protein detection.Chemical Communications, (38), pp.4607-4609. Fluorescence technology Shaner NC, Patterson GH, Davidson MW. Advances in fluorescent protein technology. Journal of cell science. 2007 Dec 15;120(24):4247-60. Spectrophotometric Technology The study conducted by Spinazzi and his team noted that mitochondrial dysfunction significantly contributes to disorders in humans including mitochondrial abnormalities. Some of these conditions affect the mitochondrial itself while some affect nuclear DNA contributing to ailments such aging, neurodegenerative conditions (Parkinsons disease and Alzheimers disease) and diabetes, to mention a few[1]. A clear understanding of mitochondrial activities is necessary to avert undesirable outcomes. Various technological approaches have been used to study mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC) during enzymatic activities. In the current study, the enzymatic activities of RC complexes IIV were assayed using spectrophotometric techniques[2]. Like in many other studies, the results were standardized to the aggregate muscle protein composition and to the activity of citrate synthase to mirror mitochondrial matrix enzyme. However, the technique posed one glaring problem of the assays: at all times, the enzymatic reactions are assessed using in vitro environments[3]. These conditions are hardly physiological with respect to pH, substrate concentrations, osmolarity and cellular context and disallow the estimation of respiratory pairing. Despite that challenge, spectrophotometric technology offered pertinent quantitative data regarding the top catalytic reactions of the RC complexes. In addition the procedure are easy to duplicate and can be undertaken by use of iced up tissue and cellular samples. An acceptable into mitochondrial enzymatic activities ought to encompass a blend of other assays including determination of polarographical oxygen utilizations in intact insulated mitochondria, ATP synthesis and permeabilized cells or tissues. Assessment of the mitochondrial membrane potential is also necessary to determine any dysfunction. Nonetheless, the aforementioned techniques have certain shortcomings in that investigators require fresh samples and are time consuming due to the complexity of the procedures involved. As such, spectrophotometric technology remains a first-line method both for research investigations on mitochondrial ailments and for diagnostics. Studies from recent years indicate that most published protocols for spectrophotometric assays were dissatisfactory in that there were complex biochemical hindrances that led to enzymatic inhibition or to unsatisfactory linearity of the kinetics with regards to protein concentration. Such analytical shortcomings have been known to severely prejudice sensitivity and precision, bringing about analytical discrepancies and considerable disagreements of results from various laboratories. The protocols in the current study were designed to overpower or negate most of these challenges, in an attempt to improve the sensitivity, specificity and precision with little adjustments to the framework of the procedure. The spectrophotometric technology depicted herein specify the steps for mitochondrial RC enzyme reaction analysis in which small quantities of muscle tissue from mammals and cultured skin fibroblasts were used compared to previously established procedures. The success of this undertak ing imply that these technology is applicable to other tissues for example the heart, liver and brain in which case if the tissue homogenates are used, the sample preparation phase will have to be optimized for every tissue. Proper application of spectrophotometric technology in the current study required measurement of Mitochondrial RC enzymatic reactions in crude homogenates as well as secluded mitochondria. It is important to note that the technology can also be extended for experiments in other organisms including yeast, human and bovine muscles, in which case isolated mitochondria is prepared in a similar quantities and similar quantities. Spectrophotometric technology makes it possible for all the assays to be reliably performed on muscle homogenates with requiring mitochondrial isolation. For convenience purposes and membrane disruption to ease substrates access to the enzymes, freezing of the samples is normally recommended. This ensures maximization of enzyme activity. Nonetheless, a fractional loss of activity is likely to follow for complex II+III in frozen muscle[4]. As such, it is critical to subject all the samples to the same treatment before the investigation. Though, mitochondria from fr esh muscle as well as from various other tissues are still usable after isolation. When assessing of RC enzymes using cultured cells, every assays with the exception of those for precipitates of I and I+III are doable on cell lysates. Nonetheless for the analysis of compound I reactions when using cultured cells, it is mandatory that the investigator utilizes supplemented mitochondrial portions to as not to overwhelm nonspecific rotenone-insensitive reactions. Polarimetric Technology Wu et al. emphasize that polarimetric technology is vital procedure molecular imaging of cell, protein and tissues. These materials are optically anisotropic and tend to scatter photons in manner which makes polarimetric procedures possible. The anisotropic trait of proteins is determinable from the polarity attributes of the light dispersed and/or diffused from the material. Polarization is one of the remarkable properties of light. The rectilinear and non-rectilinear complete polarization photosensitive characteristics of an anisotropic material has been depicted by a 4 4 Mueller matrix[5]. This is a modeling theory newly postulated to ease scientific inquiries of the optical polarization attributes of proteins as well as other light bio-material. The Mueller matrix scanning protocols have been newly improved for investigations of the optical polarization characteristic of hydrolases. Analogous to other polarimetric inquiries, the visual structures and the imaging information results showed existence of relative few physical models for the discernment of the essential optical polarization characteristics of protein samples. This theory supports the basis for the model analysis scrutiny of the polarization features of protein media and correlates well to the polarization optical signatures protein molecules together with its infinitesimal electronic constituents[6]. Founded on binary photon dispersal, the extents of direct -dichroic polarization disposal by protein molecules was arithmetically computed and corresponded to past experiments. The Mueller matrix data has revealed that the protein biomolecules are optically anisotropic and exceedingly scattering but show an imperfectly diffusion. As such, the Mueller Stokes scanning technology anchored upon the penta-principal Mueller matrix e fundamentals of m01, m11, m22, m23 and m33 is practical for researching the anisotropic[7], photon-dispersal and polarization/depolarization photosensitive properties proteins and all biomolecule media. To examine the probable biomedical use and to grasp the anisotropic optical characteristics of organic samples, the st udy utilized modest experimentation for Stokes vector scanning volume. The investigators chose to transmit the optical design via a microscope system[8]. Three investigatory steps were utilized to standardize the Mueller matrix signature of the protein molecules under study. The precise imageries of four autonomous polarization limits and the consequent distribution functions of the penta-principal Mueller matrix parameters were also taken into account. Manometric technology The authors emphasize that manometric technology is an essential component in the analytical processes for solid media or solid environmental samples that require water or buffer solutions. Application of this technology requires dilution of the enzyme to fall below the detection threshold. This is followed by a time consuming and a time costly procedure of concentrating the sample. Some of the commonly used approaches used approaches in concentrating the sample include extracting the enzymes from solid media followed by addition of a buffer or water. The mixture is stirred and left to stand still for a certain period of time and the suspension is separated from the clear liquid using a filter paper. The enzymatic activities are afterwards assessed in terms of the filtrates obtained. The technology makes use of relatively large samples during the extraction process. In addition, when screening for multiple properties of enzymes, many culture flasks, bottles are used. Scientists who d esire to recovery of enzymes, they minimize the number of steps because easy step promote loss of enzyme activity. Reduction steps can further moderate preparation costs and analytical process, and even keep in check the quantity of replicate growth sub-units[9]. Any reduction, no matter how infinitesimal it may appear cuts the practical steps and cost involved. The most preferred tactic is to inflate the measurement sensitivity by making use of fluorogenic substrates and determination concentration with the suspensions before extracting. The authors described an approach where minute samples of agar media with or deprived of supplements of natural organic matter were experimented on and analyzed for enzyme activation form outside the cell[10]. Electrode technology Electrode technology has been extensively in use because electrodes are electrochemical sensors. Electrodes show elevated and potential-dependent background current in solutions that are aqueous in order to support the high current and intricate multi-step surface reduction-oxidation processes. This is somehow an unwanted occurrence because it renders it strenuous to realize substantial signal-to-background ratios describable as minute detection thresholds. In comparison to bulk Au, Au nanoparticles (NPs) indicate improved electrocatalytic reactions in most electroactive species[11]. In most cases, Indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes show insignificant electrocatalytic reactions, nevertheless constructively little and flat background current. As such, ITO electrode adjustment with a small exterior exposure of Au NPs is likely to permit high electrocatalytic reactions as well as low background charge. In addition, utilization of marginal Au is likely to shrink the cost of electrochemical sensors during enzyme detection. Any variation of electrode coats with the use metal NPs may be realized through the electrodeposition of metal ions as well as the immobilization of presynthesized metal NPs[12]. Nevertheless, the fast rate of electrodeposition renders it strenuous to regulate the size and exterior coating of NPs, thus negligible surface coating of metal NPs is hardily realizable with both approaches. The arrangement of metal NPs with the use of electrostatic adsorption of metal ions trailed by a cutback has also be been accepted as one of the strategies. This can be exemplified by use of Pt NPs with amine-functionalized on Si substrates that have synthesized with the help of enzymes[13]. The increasing use of fluorescent proteins (FPs) shows that it is increasingly being adopted in microbiological and biomedical studies. In less than two decades, when the initial phase of the Aequorea victoria jellyfish wild-kind green FP was first use to highlight sensory proteins in nematode, more advances have been made. The race to produce improved FPs with a wider coverage and better photostability has been touch. The microbiologists have also been keen in desensitizing their FPs specimen with regards to pH as well as improving the maturation rates. For smooth application of fluorescent, the wild type (wtGFP) has since been undergone numerous modifications to yield variants emitting in the blue (BFP), cyan (CFP) and yellow (YFP) localities. However, the orange and the red spectral localities have proving difficult to achieve with Aequorea GFP seeming astoundingly obscure until the unanticipated finding of the initial red FP from a nonbioluminescent reef coral in the late 1990s[14]. The development gave leeway to a second chapter of the innovation, the persistent expedition for the holygrail of fluorescent enzymatic proteins. The search is still on to the present times. Considering the investigative interest, it can be said that progress has largely been very inspiring, despite the huge gap in many FP spectral modules. The recent FP development stratagems are funneled towards fine-tuning the photophysical characteristics of blue to yellow modifications originated from the Aequorea victoria jellyfish GFP as well as the progress of monomeric FPs particularly that of organisms that have been confirmed to perceive light in the yellow-orange to far-red spectra. Advancement towards this direction has been satisfactory, and almost-infrared emitting FPs may be released to the market. The most recent endeavors in jellyfish modifications have yielded in better monomeric BFP, and YFP alternative and the unrelenting hunt for a bright, monomeric and fast-maturing red FP has given a myriad of desirable contenders, despite nothing has produced optimal results for the known applications. In the meantime, photoactivatable FPs are blossoming as an influential category of inquiries for intracellular undercurrents and, unpredictably, as important tools for the advancement of terrific resolution microscopy applications . Notwithstanding the current improvements in FP technology, a large group of microbiologists still make use of an augmented version of wild-type GFP (EGFP), in conjunction with the initial cyan and yellow products (ECFP and EYFP), for a significant percentage of their imaging applications[15]. The disinclination of a huge number of microbiologists to switch to current FP variants is necessitated by the unpredictable accessibility of different FPs, compounded with (often supportable) reservations regarding narrated claims of increased brightness and utility in fusions. I a lot of circumstances, merely locating a source for a new FP is not necessarily time wasting and as such an obvious challenge. The deficiency of reliable market sources regularly necessitates scientists to rely on the charity of the prototype laboratory, which has been known to be overwhelmed with an avalanche of applications immediately following the reporting of new protein or fusion construct. Prohibiting the enactment of a reasonable and competent system for the circulation of FP variants among scientists seems to be persistent and bars them adopting the technology fully. The paper attempted to iron out regular misunderstandings that are bound to happen when microbiologists are transitioning to newly developed variants with a focus on enzymes. The paper further discussed recent developments in enzyme engineering protocols in an attempt to unmask steps to improvements of the color palette as well as the new photoactivatable FPs. The authors further gave suggestions of the most desirable choices in single and multi-color scanning. The wide array of FP genetic variants advanced during the past decades focus on fluorescence emission reports traversing almost the complete visible light spectrum. Numerous regulatory motifs have surfaced to support the essential origins and control of the emission color. Localized environmental parameters across the chromophore on top of the location of charged amino acid deposits coupled with hydrophobic associations in the protein matrix have been fund to yield blue or red spectral alterations with regards to absorption and emission maximaal to a tune of 40 nm[16]. Wider spectral alterations that characterize the overall FP spectral classes of CFP and GFP are largely ascribed to divergences in the covalent arrangement and the magnitude of orbital conjugation of the chromophore. More investigations into the multiple characteristics of FP chromophores give inklings related to the structural composition and functional connection with the polypeptide shape, the undertaking of genetic ally engineering exceptionally tuned color variants and widening of the spectral scope of valuable enzymatic proteins becomes smooth. References Spinazzi M, Casarin A, Pertegato V, Salviati L, Angelini C. Assessment of mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymatic activities on tissues and cultured cells. Nature protocols. 2012 Jun 1;7(6):1235. Frezza, C., Cipolat, S. Scorrano, L. Organelle isolation: functional mitochondria from mouse liver, muscle and cultured fibroblasts. Nat. Protoc. 2, 287295 (2007). Palmer, J.W., Tandler, B. Hoppel, C.L. Biochemical differences between subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar mitochondria from rat cardiac muscle: effects of procedural manipulations. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 236, 691702 (1985). Jonckheere, A.I., Smeitink, J.A. Rodenburg, R.J. Mitochondrial ATP synthase: architecture, function and pathology. J. Inherit. Metab Dis. (2011). Barrientos, A., Fontanesi, F. Diaz, F. Evaluation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation system using polarography and spectrophotometric enzyme assays. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 63, 19.3.11 (2009). Lin, M.T. Beal, M.F. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Nature 443, 787795 (2006). Winklhofer, K.F. Haass, C. Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinsons disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1802, 2944 (2010). Hauptmann, S. et al. Mitochondrial dysfunction: an early event in Alzheimer pathology accumulates with age in AD transgenic mice. Neurobiol. Aging 30, 15741586 (2009). Reisch, A.S. Elpeleg, O. Biochemical assays for mitochondrial activity: assays of TCA cycle enzymes and PDHc. Methods Cell Biol. 80, 199222 (2007) Wu SH, Nee SF, Yang DM, Chiou A, Nee TW. Polarimetric signature imaging of anisotropic bio-medical tissues. Biomed. Eng. Res.. 2013 Mar;2:20-9. Heinonsalo, J., Kabiersch, G., Niemi, R. M., Simpanen, S., Ilvesniemi, H., Hofrichter, M., ... Steffen, K. T. (2012). Filter centrifugation as a sampling method for miniaturization of extracellular fungal enzyme activity measurements in solid media.Fungal Ecology,5(2), 261-269 Coakley WT, Brown RC, James CJ, Gould RK, 1973. The inactivation of enzymes by ultrasonic cavitation at 20 kHz. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 159: 722e729. Dinis MJ, Bezerra RMF, Nunes F, Dias AA, Guedes CV, Ferreira LMM, Cone JW, Marques GSM, Barros ARN, Rodrigues MAM, 2009. Modification of wheat straw lignin by solid state fermentation with white-rot fungi. Bioresource Technology 100: 4829e4835. Aziz, M.A., Patra, S. and Yang, H., 2008. A facile method of achieving low surface coverage of Au nanoparticles on an indium tin oxide electrode and its application to protein detection.Chemical Communications, (38), pp.4607-4609. Shaner NC, Patterson GH, Davidson MW. Advances in fluorescent protein technology. Journal of cell science. 2007 Dec 15;120(24):4247-60. Brakemann T, Stiel AC, Weber G, Andresen M, Testa I, Grotjohann T, Leutenegger M, Plessmann U, Urlaub H, Eggeling C, Wahl MC. A reversibly photoswitchable GFP-like protein with fluorescence excitation decoupled from switching. Nature biotechnology. 2011 Oct 1;29(10):942-7.

Informative Speech Hybrid Animals Outline Essay Example

Informative Speech Hybrid Animals Outline Paper Connective (Internal Preview): To start off, I will explain about the types of hybrid animal is, the genetic composition, and the species of animal hybrids. Body Main Points: I. The first type of animal hybrid is avian hybrid. A. Avian hybrids are slightly smaller than normal avian species. 1. Avian hybrids like turkey-chicken hybrids have a smaller and lighter body 2. Their average weight are 5 to 7 pounds (2 to 4 keg). B. Avian hybrid has different fur colors. 1 . Avian hybrids such as turkey-chicken hybrid have black markings in certain fur areas, brownish and lighter color according to their animal parents. C. Avian hybrids can be found only in certain countries. . Avian hybrids can only be found in certain countries like Brazil, Mexico, New Zealand, and Ignited States of America. Connective (Transition): Now that I have told you about what avian hybrid is, I will now proceed to the second types of animal hybrid. II. The second type of animal hybrid is mammalian hybrid. A. Mammalian hybrid are bigger than normal mammalian species. 1. Mammalian hybrid like ligers typically grow larger than humans and their parent species thus making it the largest cats in the world. . Their average weight are 800 to 1200 pounds (363 to 544 keg). B. Mammalian hybrid has different fur colors. 1. Mammalian hybrid like ligers have lighter fur tones on its body. C. Mammalian hybrid can be found in captivity or zoo 1 . Mammalian hybrid can only be found in captivity or zoo because the habitats of the parental species do not overlap in the wild. Connective (Transition): Now that I have told you about the mammal ian hybrids, I will continue to the third type of animal hybrid. Ill. The third and final type of animal hybrid is reptilian hybrid. We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Speech Hybrid Animals Outline specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Speech Hybrid Animals Outline specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Informative Speech Hybrid Animals Outline specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A. Reptilian hybrid are bigger than normal reptilian species. . Reptilian hybrid such as creators is slightly bigger than their parent species which is gecko. 2. Their average weight are 1. 5 to 3. 2 grams upon hatching. B. Reptilian hybrid has different skin colors. 1 . Reptilian hybrid like creators have darker skin color compare to their parent species. C. Reptilian hybrid can be found in Latin America country 1. Reptilian hybrid can be found in certain places with heavy tropical country like Brazil, Colombia, and the Amazon rainforests. Connective (Transition): I have completed explaining about the types of hybrid animals, now lets proceed to the conclusion. Conclusion l. In conclusion, the hybrid animals cannot live longer because hybridism animals and may not be as genetically strong as naturally evolved region specific wild ancestors wildlife which can survive without human husbandry and have high immunity to natural diseases. II. There are uniqueness about avian hybrid, mammalian hybrid and finally, about the reptilian hybrid as well as their sizes, fur and skin colors, and also where those animals can be found. Ill .

Batman and the Bush Administration essays

Batman and the Bush Administration essays Smoke billows out from a Manhattan skyscraper, damaged by a fiery explosion. This could easily be a scene from 9/11, however we see Batman looking grimly on as a poster advertises the film will be released soon. Clearly this film plays on the fears of terrorism. As depicted in The Dark Knight, the Joker plays the terrorist, while Gotham's leadership struggles to contain him. The film departs from the superhero ideals of pure good versus pure evil, showing a murky world where moral decisions have to be made in order to stop evil. Because of this, The Dark Knight seems to be an allegory for the War on Terrorism. This paper will look at how the Joker represents terrorism, while Batman represents George Bush and his administration's War on Terror. The Dark Knight opens with a predictable bank robbery. Masked robbers enter a bank, fire a few shots, and try to crack a safe. During the sequence a few of the thugs are discussing who exactly the Joker is. Because of the tilted camera angles something seems askew. Later the Joker kills all his assistant robbers, likely in an effort to protect himself. According to a report from the Defense Technical Information Center, terrorist leadership often tricks fanatics into suicide attacks because it too leaves little evidence they can be tied too (Miyasato). Ostensibly the Joker killed his fellow robbers for similar reasons. In one act of random violence the Joker kidnaps a Batman look-a-like a man he knows is not his real archenemy and proceeds to execute him in a gory manner. He then releases this video to a TV station. This seems like al-Qaida's video of the beheading of journalist Daniel Pearl. The terrorists too knew Pearl was not their military opponent, however they still killed him. Later CBS decided to air the video (Barringer), much like the TV studio in Gotham. In both Gotham and real life these videos were just a mouthpiece for the terrorists to spread fear. The Joker appears motiv...

Adamantinoma of the Right Tibia Case Study

Adamantinoma of the Right Tibia Case Study INTRODUCTION: Adamantinoma is low grade malignant tumor of fibroblast origin. Also called as primary epidermoid carcinoma of bone, malignant angioblastoma or epithelial tumor of bone. It was first described by Fischer in 1913. 1 It represents less than 0.4% of all malignant bone tumors. 2 The exact origin of adamantinoma is unknown, the classic variant is composed of epithelial cells and osteofibrous components. It is more prevalent in men than in women, ratio being 5:4. The common age of presentation is in the second decade, though it can vary greatly between the second to fifth decades. 3 The common site of occurrence is the ramus of the mandible. The other uncommon locations include shaft of long bones (97%), mid-shaft of tibia (80%-85%). 4 Other rare locations includes the humerus, ulna, femur, fibula and radius but ribs, spine, metatarsal and carpal bones. 5 The characteristic features of adamantinoma is slow, gradual development with high chances of local recurrences and also metastases to lungs. 6 In this case study, we have presented a rare histological acanthomatous variant of adamantinoma of the right tibia with metastases to the right inguinal region. CASE REPORT: A 45 year old male patient presented with history of pain in right leg since 3-4 months, insidious onset, gradually progressive, aggravated on exercise, relieved on rest and medication. Later patient had no relief on medication. There was no history of trauma or fall preceeding to onset of symptoms. The patient also complained of swelling in the right groin since 1 month, without pain. On examination, the patient was stable. Local examination showed, a swelling of about 5X3cm in the upper end right leg, tender, well defined, hard in consistency, smooth surface, involving the right knee joint line. There was restriction of movement, but range of movements was present. Examination of right inguinal region revealed a 7X6cm firm, non-matted mass, immobile, non-tender, non-reducible, non -pulsatile mass. Local examination of penis, scrotum, anal canal, hernia orifices was normal. Baseline investigations were done, all the haematological parameters were normal, ultrasound abdomen and chest radiograph was normal. Plain radiograph of right tibia showed large central lytic lesion with sclerotic margins, involving the upper end and shaft of tibia without involvement of right knee joint. Supra-patellar amputation of right leg with right inguinal and right external iliac nodal dissection was done. Histopathological examination of the mass was done. The reported was suggestive of acanthomatous adamantionoma. The features are as described, central area of squamous cell nests which were well differentiated with keratinization surrounded by a rim of myxoid cells. Further immunohistochemistry(IHC) study was done to confirm the diagnosis. IHC was also consistent with the diagnosis and confirmed the diagnosis. Positivity was found for cytokeratin(CK), EMA, CK-19, CK-5, CK-6, P-63 , and Ki-67 and vimentin. Also metastases to right inguinal lymph node was confirmed. DISCUSSION: The first bone tumor with epithelial characteristic was reported by Maier in 1900, later in 1913 Fischer termed it as adamantinoma. It is more common in men than in women. The age of presentation varies between the second to fifth decade. The uncommon sites includes the shaft of long bones(97%), of which the mid-shaft of tibia being the most common site(80-85%). The symptoms at presentation include pain with localised swelling. Swelling is the most common symptom. Pain may be present due to history of repetitive trauma associated with adamantinoma. 7 Adamantinoma is low grade malignant tumor, and can metastasize to loco-regional nodal areas and to lungs at presentation. The patient in the case report was also a middle aged man in the fifth decade with pain and swelling in the right tibia since 3-4 months and swelling in the right groin.

Content Analysis of a Recent Film Compared to 1934 Production Code Essay

Content Analysis of a Recent Film Compared to 1934 Production Code - Essay Example In addition, the Hollywood Production Codes state that any form of dress that is indecent and is aimed at revealing the private parts of individuals to make have sedate looks are prohibited in the filming industry. These are cases that should not be included in the films since they depict negative pictures to the society. In addition, such films associated with violence, nudity as well as sensations may instill negative habits, lessons and behaviors in the society. The â€Å"Twilight: Breaking Dawn† is one of the most recent films in the American filming industry that contradicts the Hollywood Production Codes of filming in the American society. The film â€Å"Twilight: Breaking Dawn† is one of the films that was introduced in theaters on 16th November 2012. The film was written by Melissa Rosenberg and Stephen Meyer, directed by Bill Condon and produced by Wyck Godfrey, Stephen Meyer as well as Karen Rosenfelt (Doherty, 25). Following the contents of the film, it has been rated a PG-13 due to several reasons. The film â€Å"Twilight: Breaking Dawn† has three biggest problems with regards to the provisions of the Film Production Codes. Some of these include several sequences and series of violence as well as disturbing images. Moreover, the film is known for its contents of sensuality (Black, 47). The other problem is the partial nudity photos associated with the film. These have seen the film rated as PG-13. The film introduces several captions associate with sensual passions coupled with sexual arousal. The character Bella is seen to engage in sexually suggestive acts with Edward in the film. This is associated with increased sexual and emotional arousal in the minds of the viewers. Such situations also depict negative lessons to the minds of the youngsters who may be curios to experiment what they saw in such films. This is strongly prohibited by the

Media, Culture and Society Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Media, Culture and Society - Assignment Example From the research, the number of female celebrities covered in the newspaper was generally lower than that of males in all the newspapers. For instance, in the Daily Mirror, the number of males covered during this period was 12 as compared to that of females which was 6. This gives approximately 33% of female celebrities out of all the celebrities covered. About 90% of the women in the magazines had their images underdressed. On the other hand images of men were well clothed. In the field of sports, the male to female ratio was 3:1.  From the research, the number of female celebrities covered in the newspaper was generally lower than that of males in all the newspapers. For instance, in the Daily Mirror, the number of males covered during this period was 12 as compared to that of females which was 6. This gives approximately 33% of female celebrities out of all the celebrities covered. About 90% of the women in the magazines had their images underdressed. On the other hand images o f men were well clothed. In the field of sports, the male to female ratio was 3:1.   Most of these newspapers showed the dominance of celebrities aged between 16-32 years. Those beyond this range were under-represented with an average percentage of about 20%.the newspapers covered very little regarding children. In addition, the newspapers presented various attitudes concerning the weight and body sizes of celebrities. Words such as ‘sexy’ and ‘hot’ were associated with slim and light weighted ladies. On the other hand, the perceptions of ladies having a weight exceeding 55kg were portrayed negatively. Most of these papers emphasized on sliming. For instance, both the ‘The Daily Mirror’ and ‘The Sun’ had an article headed â€Å"How to slim in 1 month†. Several conclusions can be pulled from this study. Generally, the males dominate the celebrity field. This implies that gender equality is suppressed in the Newspapers. In a ddition, young people are the majority in the newspapers. It can be concluded that those represented are in the sexually active age. The older generation is inactive and hence least covered.   Another important issue regards the field of sports. There are fewer females participating in the field of sports. From this, it is clear that females are not adequately presented in sports activities.

Greek mathematician Pythagoras Essay Example for Free

Greek mathematician Pythagoras Essay Pythagoras was a Greek philosopher and mathematician. He was born in Samos, Ionia around 580 b.c. Thales, who was another philosopher was the main teacher of Pythagoras. Pythagoras went to study further in Egypt so Thales couldnt teach him anymore. In Pythagoras teenage years, he began to become known for his philosophic ideas. He also succeeded in math, astronomy, wrestling, and music. In music, he figured out that when a string is vibrating, the longer or shorter it is makes a difference in the tune of the note. In astronomy, he taught that the earth was a sphere, and in math he compared the difference between composite and prime numbers, discovered irrational numbers, and proved the Pythagorean Theorem. This stated that when the two shorter sides in a right triangle were squared and then added, it would equal the square of the longest side or hypotenuse. This was known earlier, but he was the first one to really prove it was true. He soon moved from his home in Italy to a place called Crotona. In Crotona, he found a wife named Theano and founded a school based on philosophy and religion. While in Crotona he discovered many things and even had some followers. Pythagoras followers called themselves the Pythagoreans. In order to become a Pythagorean , you had to follow a couple of strict rules. One of the rules was silence. This meant that you could never share any of your own ideas with the others and that you could only listen to your fellow Pythagoreans. Another rule was avoiding the ingestion of meat. An interesting thing about his school was that if you joined you were automatically a Pythagorean so that meant if you were a student, youd have to obey the rules also. His followers also believed in reincarnation. Reincarnation- when one dies, their soul is transferred to another human beings body. Pythagoras died in Metapontum, Lucania in 500 b.c. Historians think that he  fled and just barely escaped death when violence broke out in Crotona. When he died, a lot of his ideas were forgotten. We will always miss our dear Pythagorus.

Organic Molecules Challenge :: essays research papers

Organic Molecules Challenge Silicon's Reign as King of Semiconductors There is a revolution fomenting in the semiconductor industry. It may take 30 years or more to reach perfection, but when it does the advance may be so great that today's computers will be little more than calculators compared to what will come after. The revolution is called molecular electronics, and its goal is to depose silicon as king of the computer chip and put carbon in its place. The perpetrators are a few clever chemists trying to use pigment, proteins, polymers, and other organic molecules to carry out the same task that microscopic patterns of silicon and metal do now. For years these researchers worked in secret, mainly at their blackboards, plotting and planning. Now they are beginning to conduct small forays in the laboratory, and their few successes to date lead them to believe they were on the right track. "We have a long way to go before carbon-based electronics replace silicon-based electronics, but we can see now that we hope to revolutionize computer design and performance," said Robert R. Birge, a professor of chemistry, Carnegie- Mellon University, Pittsburgh. "Now it's only a matter of time, hard work, and some luck before molecular electronics start having a noticeable impact." Molecular electronics is so named because it uses molecules to act as the "wires" and "switches" of computer chips. Wires, may someday be replaced by polymers that conduct electricity, such as polyacetylene and polyphenylenesulfide. Another candidate might be organometallic compounds such as porphyrins and phthalocyanines which also conduct electricity. When crystallized, these flat molecules stack like pancakes, and metal ions in their centers line up with one another to form a one-dimensional wire. Many organic molecules can exist in two distinct stable states that differ in some measurable property and are interconvertable. These could be switches of molecular electronics. For example, bacteriorhodpsin, a bacterial pigment, exists in two optical states: one state absorbs green light, the other orange. Shinning green light on the green-absorbing state converts it into the orange state and vice versa. Birge and his coworkers have developed high density memory drives using bacteriorhodopsin. Although the idea of using organic molecules may seem far-fetched, it happens every day throughout nature. "Electron transport in photosynthesis one of the most important energy generating systems in nature, is a real-world example of what we're trying to do," said Phil Seiden, manager of molecular science, IBM, Yorkstown Heights, N.Y. Birge, who heads the Center for Molecular Electronics at Carnegie-Mellon, said two factors are driving this developing revolution, more speed and less space. "Semiconductor chip designers are always trying to cram more electronic

Unhealthy Lifestyle

CAUSES OF UNHEALTHY LIFESTYLE An unhealthy lifestyle is one of the major contributor to health issue which is growing at an alarming rate issue in whole world as well. People influence their own health through their unhealthy lifestyles such as unhealthy diet,alcohol assumption and smoking and poor sleep hygiene. One of the critical causes is having an unhealthy diet. There is no doubt that the food that we eat significantly impact our health. The surge in the consumption of high fat foods can lead to compromised health and excessive weight.An unbalanced diet ensures the body can't gets the essential nutrients it needs to protects the body from certain diseases. In addition,alcohol consumption and smoking are the sources that lead to unhealthy lifestyle. Smoking is a harmful lifestyle as it seriously affect our health. In fact, Smoking may cause addict and hard to eliminate the habit . Too much intake of alcohol is not advisable. Drinking can be a slippery slope, as excessive drinkin g can cause problems in virtually every area of a person’s life.Futhermore,poor sleep hygiene is also major causes of unhealthy lifetyle which a large fraction of teenagers are involved in . Teenagers mostly spend their time staying in front of the computer all night long without sleeping. Slowly, they will mess up their time which is the opposite way and so even skip their breakfast . This situation clearly alert us that poor sleep hygiene will seriously affect our health . Unhealthy lifestyle of many today leads to poor health. Prevent is better than cure. As early as possible, we have to live a healthy lifestyle . (276 words)

Of Mice and Men- Candy character analysis Essay

Steinbeck presents Candy as a vulnerable character. He does this by referencing him as an â€Å"old man† before citing his name, using pre-modification; so that the reader instantly knows not only his physical state but maybe that metaphorically he is a weak person. He is also shown to be desperate throughout the opening of chapter 2, where he tries to make friends with George and Lennie as soon as he meets them. He gossips about other people on the ranch and makes sure George â€Å"won’t tell Curley nothing†. This quote alone indicates Candy is lonely and just wants to have friends but deep down is afraid of the other men on the ranch, implying he doesn’t have many friends on the ranch at all, therefore he needs to be welcoming and confident towards George and Lennie to gain their friendship but this quote gives away his fear of Curley finding out he was talking about him and throwing him off the ranch, leading the reader to believe the ranch is the only place Candy can call home. This idea of Candy being completely alone and having no where else to go is reinforced when Steinbeck introduces Candy’s â€Å"ancient dog†, the use of pre-modification again this time with the word â€Å"ancient† helps to show that like his owner this dog is old, the lexis â€Å"ancient† has the connotations of being so old it could be considered an artifact or piece of history, this concept could suggest that Candy’s dog is in fact a part of the history of the ranch that is why he is still there because even though his dog is old and useless he is still allowed on the ranch even with no purpose, just like Candy staying on the ranch with no hand, meaning he cannot do any proper jobs except â€Å"settin’ out the wash basins†. However when Steinbeck introduces the dog at first, Candy says â€Å"my dog†, this possessive lexis could suggest Candy is proud of his dog especially as he goes on to say â€Å"he was a good sheepdog when he was younger†, you could take this quote as a declarative, him protecting but also bragging about his dog. A conflicting idea could be that Candy and dog are similar that is why Candy likes to talk and brag about his dog, Steinbeck writes for both that they are â€Å"old† and â€Å"ancient† but both are disabled in that Candy has lost his hand and the dog is so old and decrepit it cannot hunt or feed itself. Both are looking for a companion that could take care of them, they have a codependent relationship. This idea could be considered a recurring theme as some say Lennie and Georges’ relationship is co-dependent, even though George wouldn’t admit it due to his controlling personality. So the reason Candy brags about his dog is because he really wants to prove himself, and that he was in fact worthy of being on the ranch. This point of Candy and his dog being similar supports my original idea, which was that using the descriptions of Candy and his dog we find that Candy is in fact just like an old animal, a useful and valued member of any ranch as opposed to just something that takes up space, money and food.

Free Essays on The Sketchbook

The Sketchbook Washington Irving wrote 32 short stories to for The Sketchbook. The Sketchbook is mainly concerned in trying to make America similar to England. Irving writes The Sketchbook in such a unique way that the themes in it have a broad range. Irving’s unique writing style throughout The Sketchbook shows is symbolism, stereotypical characters, and story with a story type o writing. Through symbolism Irving conveys his patriotism. Throughout The Sketchbook Irving has many symbols that relate to patriotism. One major symbol used by Irving is the â€Å"eagle†. It is brought up in stories such as â€Å"Christmas Day† and â€Å"Spectra Bride†. It represents the reality of America’s new freedom. By Irving’s enphasis on the eagle, it clearly showed his true hope for America to survive its tough times. Another important symbol is the â€Å"forest†. The â€Å"forest† symbolizes the vast space in America. Irving also symbolizes the Indians ignorance through â€Å"sleep†. He mentions â€Å"sleep† in stories like â€Å"The Angler†, â€Å"John Bull†, and others emphasizing strongly that he believes the Indians are ignorant and not aware of anything around them. In The Sketchbook, Irving is stereotypical with the Indians and the women. In â€Å"Traits of Indian Character†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Irving makes many demeaning statement about the Indians. He uses the word â€Å"savage† as one that would make them seem beast-like. â€Å"†¦we too often find the Indians on our frontier to be the more wrecks† clearly showing his disgust with the Indian way of life. Throughout â€Å"Traits of Indian Character†, Irving stereotypes the Indians as uncivilized people, but in the end Irving attempts to justify their behavior by focusing on the surroundings they had to endure. In â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† Irving stereotypes women as nagging and domineering. Much like â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker†, in which women were looked upon as bad people and t... Free Essays on The Sketchbook Free Essays on The Sketchbook The Sketchbook Washington Irving wrote 32 short stories to for The Sketchbook. The Sketchbook is mainly concerned in trying to make America similar to England. Irving writes The Sketchbook in such a unique way that the themes in it have a broad range. Irving’s unique writing style throughout The Sketchbook shows is symbolism, stereotypical characters, and story with a story type o writing. Through symbolism Irving conveys his patriotism. Throughout The Sketchbook Irving has many symbols that relate to patriotism. One major symbol used by Irving is the â€Å"eagle†. It is brought up in stories such as â€Å"Christmas Day† and â€Å"Spectra Bride†. It represents the reality of America’s new freedom. By Irving’s enphasis on the eagle, it clearly showed his true hope for America to survive its tough times. Another important symbol is the â€Å"forest†. The â€Å"forest† symbolizes the vast space in America. Irving also symbolizes the Indians ignorance through â€Å"sleep†. He mentions â€Å"sleep† in stories like â€Å"The Angler†, â€Å"John Bull†, and others emphasizing strongly that he believes the Indians are ignorant and not aware of anything around them. In The Sketchbook, Irving is stereotypical with the Indians and the women. In â€Å"Traits of Indian Character†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Irving makes many demeaning statement about the Indians. He uses the word â€Å"savage† as one that would make them seem beast-like. â€Å"†¦we too often find the Indians on our frontier to be the more wrecks† clearly showing his disgust with the Indian way of life. Throughout â€Å"Traits of Indian Character†, Irving stereotypes the Indians as uncivilized people, but in the end Irving attempts to justify their behavior by focusing on the surroundings they had to endure. In â€Å"Rip Van Winkle† Irving stereotypes women as nagging and domineering. Much like â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker†, in which women were looked upon as bad people and t...

How might an organization create and sustain competitive advantage Essay

How might an organization create and sustain competitive advantage through the strategic use of design thinking Your task for t - Essay Example 2). Design thinking has been shown to be the process through which individuals within organizations identify particular issues and through strategic thinking develop viable solutions, which are mainly focused on improving future results to the organization. It is therefore a process whereby the innovation starts from the goal or purpose intended to be achieved as against from the problems to be solved (Wattanasupachoke, 2012, p. 1; Kevin and Ron, 2008, p. 8-10). Through critical analysis of issues in current as well as future perspectives, design thinking explores the parameters of the issues and then resolutions are explored simultaneously. This system is therefore uniquely applied within trading organizations as against scientific methods, which are adopted for solving problems. Design thinking is therefore an emerging trend that trading organizations are adopting in order to create as well as sustain competitive advantage in business environment against other competing organizatio ns. It is a popular notion among business organizations that yesterday’s innovation can never guarantee tomorrows competence hence the need to encourage the innovation spirit (Maier and Zenovia, 2011, p. 975). Manufacturing and technical organizations are basic examples, which adopt effectively the design-thinking framework. In such an example to an organization, which bears the traits of manufacturing and technical attributes, we consider the Volkswagen automotives company. This project therefore has the main objective as being the analysis of design thinking as an effective tool to be adopted within the locomotive industry with a special attention to Volkswagen. The Volkswagen is a brand name for a group of entrepreneurs; companies whose main area of operation is within the automotive industry. They are well known for the manufacture and sale of the Volkswagen, Audi, Skoda, SEAT, Bentley, Lamborghini, Bugatti, and Porsch

Econ reading Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Econ reading - Assignment Example On the contrary, Fiat money is the one that does not have intrinsic value. Fiat money may be utilized upon government decree. On the other hand, demand deposits are account balances in a bank that depositors may obtain via writing a check upon request. Therefore, demand deposits should be included in the stock money in order to measure the value of money in the stock (Mankiw, 2011). The U.S Federal Reserve System acts as a central bank, it sets monetary policies in an economy. The Federal group is appointed by the president upon senate approval. Fed can increase the amount money in circulation through open market operation, whereby, Fed can make dollars and utilize them to buy bonds this led to an increase the amount of money in circulation (Mankiw, 2011). On the contrary, banks do not hold 100 reserves because they lend some money to earn profits. The relationship between amount of reserves and amount of money in the banking system a rises because banks accepts deposits from the pub lic and lend out some deposits while ensuring proportion bank reserve is maintained (Mankiw, 2011). If bank A has a leverage ratio of 10, while Bank B has a leverage ratio of 20 whereby, similar losses on bank loans at the two banks cause the value of their assets to fall by 7 percent. The above statement indicates that bank B showed a larger change in bank capital than bank A because its capital value declined twice as much as bank A. However, the two banks remained solvent because they can be able to meet their financial obligation. Connectively, discount rate is an interest rate charged by Fed to commercial banks when advancing loans, when Fed raises discount rates, the amount of money in circulation decreases (Mankiw, 2011). Discount rate is the interest rate charged by Fed to commercial bank on borrowed funds, when Fed raises the discount rates, bank reserve decrease this in turn causes the cost of borrowing to increase. This discourages borrowing and consequently reduces the a mount of money in circulation (Mankiw, 2011). . On the other hand, a reserve requirement is the amount of funds that a bank should retain after advancing loans. Whereby, an increase in reserve requirement causes an increase in reserve ratio, this in turn leads to a decrease in money supply. Additionally, Fed can not perfectly control the supply money because it does not have control of the amount of money held in the pockets of households. Secondly, Fed does not have control of the amount of money advanced as loans by the banks (Mankiw, 2011). 2.) Answer Questions for Review #1 in the middle of page 666 The value of money may be affected through increasing price level. This is because the money tends to lose its value this further reduces the purchasing power of money. According to the quantity theory of money, an increase in quantity of money leads to an increase in inflation rates. In above connection, nominal variables are those measured in monetary terms while real variables are those that can be measured in physical terms. According to the principle of monetary neutrality, nominal variables may be affected by changes in quantity of money. Inflation is like a tax in the senses that when government print money, the amount of money held by people losses value due to increase in money supply (Mankiw, 2011). According to Fishers effect, an increase in inflation rate causes real interest to fall. On the hand, nominal interest rate increases. The cost of inflation may involve menu cost that causes the company to adjust its prices such cost of printing new catalogues, advertising to mention just but a few. The most important cost for the U.S economy is inflation cost because an increase the tax burden

Three Main Stages in a Listening Lesson and Activities Suitable For Essay

Three Main Stages in a Listening Lesson and Activities Suitable For Each Stage - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that when the learners have been able to listen accurately, they are in a better position to refine their understanding of the grammatical structure of the content being taught and also apply it to develop their own vocabulary. The planning of a listening lesson should be systematic  so that the teacher can prepare the students for listening just before the actual listening lesson begins, and continue to prepare them during the actual listening lesson and even after the lesson. The systematic planning is necessary, owing to the fact that learners can experience problems in understanding and the subsequent interpretation of the content of the listening lesson. Thus, there are three main stages that a listening lesson should undergo in order to enhance the chances of the students’ understanding, comprehending and interpreting the content accurately. These stages are: Pre-listening is the first stage in a listening lesson, which occurs before the actual listening of the text by the learners begin. Pre-listening is a vital stage in the listening lesson, due to the fact that it acts as a preparation stage for the learners to get an idea of what they are going to listen. One of the major goals why the Pre-listening stage is important in a listening lesson is that it is the necessary stage for offering the necessary motivation to the learners. Motivation is important because it is the element that arouses the interest of the students in the text, making the students ready to listen keenly to the content. Therefore, the role of the teacher at the Pre-listening stage should be that of motivating the learners through creating interest and raising their curiosity regarding what the listening text contains.

MATLAB Dynamics & Control Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

MATLAB Dynamics & Control - Assignment Example Furthermore, both the time constant and dead time vary with the size of the step-change. The process gain is affected but it is affected only in half of the cases (see Concentration A, see below). †¢ Select a set of dynamic process constants resulting from one of the step-changes that you have tested, and use these to calculate initial values for the constants in each of the three different controller equations (P, PI & PID). Proportional control: It is simple, provides rapid adjustment of the manipulated variable (MV). Does not provide zero offset, although the error is reduced (E>0). It increase speeds in the dynamic response. It can cause instability if improperly tuned. Integral control: It is simple, achieves zero offset (E=0). It provides adjusts the manipulated variable (MV) in a slower manner than the proportional mode –this can lead to poor dynamic performance. It can cause instability if improperly tuned. Derivative control: It is simple. It does not influence the final steady-state value of the error (E). It provides rapid correction based on the rate of change of the controlled variable (CV). It can cause undesirable high-frequency variation in the manipulated variable (MV). †¢ Once you have chosen your optimal control scheme, justify why you have selected it. You can use various methods of assessing controller performance in order to reach your decision: rise time, peak overshoot ratio, decay ratio, settling time, IAE, ISE, ITAE. You are not expected to use all of these, but at least two should be used and compared with each other in relation to optimizing your controller constants. †¢ Test your control loop for its ability to cope with a disturbance (e.g. in the concentration of feed chemical, or the temperature of the cooling water), and also for its ability to move the process to a new operating region by making a step-change to the set-point (i.e.

Ethics in Psychology and Criminal Justice

Ethics in Psychology and Criminal Justice Ethical behavior is important within any discipline whether it be automobile mechanics or brain surgeons. Two disciplines in which ethical behavior is especially important are the disciplines of criminal justice and psychology due to the vulnerable state of the individuals which are encountered on a daily basis. Straying from compliance of ethical guidelines in either of these disciplines could result in mental damage in psychology, false arrests or acquittals in criminal justice, or termination and dishonor within either discipline. This manuscript discusses a couple ethical dilemmas within the disciplines of psychology and criminal justice as well as provides examples of each. The manuscript also briefly discusses the similar variables which make each discipline sensitive to ethical behavior. Ethical Dilemmas in Psychology and Criminal Justice Within any profession, whether it is a psychology, law enforcement, news casting, or even an automobile mechanic, an individuals integrity plays a pivotal role in how successful their endeavors turn out. Integrity, as defined by the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, is firm adherence to a code of especially moral or artistic values (Integrity, 2010). One whose integrity is compromised may be perceived as irresponsible, dishonest, and possibly even immoral. One thing that affects ones integrity is whether or not the individual conducts themselves in an ethical manner. Ethics within in a profession are a set of moral principals used to determine whether a certain behavior is right or wrong. Most disciplines have an ethical code whether it is implied or actually documented. For example, the American Psychological Association has a set of ethical principals published through which psychologists may judge whether a particular behavior or action is ethically sound (American Psychological Association, 1992). Alternatively, automobile mechanics have no generally accepted, published, ethics code. In a case such as this, establishments may be certified by different organizations which have developed an ethical code or they may develop one of their own (Mechanics R Us, 2010). This manuscript will discuss some ethical dilemmas which have been encountered and studied within the fields of psychology and criminal justice. Literature Review The American Psychological Association published a set of guidelines and codes which govern ethical behaviors within the psychological field (American Psychological Association, 1992). These codes cover most if not all aspects of psychology from therapy to research. It is upon this foundation that the choices of ethical dilemmas within the field of psychology are based. Also based upon these ethical guidelines Sherwin (1998) made a statement regarding the effects of unethical behavior upon the vulnerable individuals that psychological professionals encounter on a daily basis. Peternelj-Taylor (2002) and Lambie (2005) both provided examples of ethical dilemmas professionals within the psychological field may encounter. Peternelj-Taylor writes on the dilemma of over- and under-involvement with patients. Wartenburg (1990) discusses how the ideal amount of involvement for a professional within the psychological field to have with a client lies in an area called transformative power. Everett and Gallop (2001) went on to describe the ideal purpose of transformative power. Lambies (2005) composition involved the divulgence of suspected child abuse by school counselors. Crenshaw, Lichtenberg, and Bartell (1993) as well as Sechrist (2000) performed analyses that found problems in the amount of times that suspected child abuse is reported. Wilson, Ireton, Wood (1997) discussed how this dilemma ranks high among the concerns of helping professionals. The decision to report suspected child abuse is governed not only ethically but legally as well. In 1974, the National Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (PL 93-247) provided a definition of child abuse (42 USCS 5101). Most states have also enacted statutes and laws which make divulgence of suspected child abuse required by law North Carolina General Statutes (2003). The differing professions within the field of criminal justice are also governed by sets of ethical guidelines. One ethical dilemma which is encountered within law enforcement is the use of excessive force. The case of Rodney King provides an excellent, high-profile example upon which to base the effects of this dilemma (Cannon, 1997). Schoch Lin (2007) found that, even several years after the event, a degree of civil unrest as well as a deep seated mistrust of the criminal justice community still exists. Vidmar (2002) discusses the ethical dilemma of introducing prejudice within the courtroom. He uses examples of cases in which he was called to analyze the amount of prejudice including Regents of the University of California vs. Genentech (1999) and R. v. Reynolds (1997). In these cases he found that it does not take much for prejudice to find its way into the courtroom setting and affect the opinions of those involved. Discussion Ethical Dilemmas in Psychology As one may easily ascertain, ethical behavior in any aspect of psychology is incredibly important. In many instances, those that participate in psychological research or receive a treatment of some sort from a psychologist are in a vulnerable state of mind. Sherwin (1998) said it best stating without a strong principle of respect for patient autonomy, patients are vulnerable to abuse or exploitation, when their weak and dependant position makes them easy targets to serve the interests (e. g. financial, academic, or social influence) of others (p. 20). In cases such as this, the psychologist must be incredibly cautious with the actions they take or risk causing damage that may take years to treat or may even be irreversible. Consequences against the psychologist may include having their qualifications questioned or possibly even legal actions. The ethical guidelines for the discipline of psychology are published in the Ethical Principals of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (American Psychological Association, 1992). In this section the manuscript will cover some ethical dilemmas which have been discussed within published literature. One ethical dilemma that psychologists may encounter involves relationships with patients outside of the patient-therapist or patient-researcher relationship. Peternelj-Taylor (2002), a nurse who worked as a team leader on a sexual offender unit of a maximum security forensic hospital, discussed this dilemma at length. Within the manuscript, the researcher discusses psychologists over-involvement and under-involvement with a patient. Over-involvement with a patient includes relationships past patient-therapist relations including friendships or sexual relations with patients. Under-involvement includes behavior which borderlines ignoring the patient which includes avoidance of patients or not exploring or addressing patient problems with sufficient detail. As one may imagine, either one of these instances may be harmful to not only the patient but also the therapeutic integrity of the psychologist. During patient-therapist interaction, it should be the goal of the psychologist to remain in an area between the two extremes of over-involved and under-involved power assertion. Wartenburg (1990) refers to this area as transformative power which focuses upon a sort of partnership with the patient. In patient-therapist relationships that maintain a transformative power relation, the focus is placed upon working with the patient in resolving their problems rather than overtop or in spite of. Everett and Gallop (2001) stated that the goal of transformative power is mutual liberation from dependency (for the client) and from being depended on (for the professional) (p. 124). In essence, this expresses what should be the ultimate goal of the patient-therapist relationship. Another ethical dilemma faced within the psychological profession is divulging information about suspected child abuse or neglect that was obtained during therapy. Lambie (2005) composed a manuscript discussing how this dilemma affects professional school counselors. One would assume that, with legal statutes requiring divulgence, the decision to report instances of suspected abuse would immediately be reported as soon as it is encountered though this is not always the case. In an analysis by Crenshaw, Lichtenberg, and Bartell (1993) the researchers found that, in many instances, helping professionals choose against reporting suspected abuse. Additionally, a study by the Federal National Child Abuse and Neglect Incidence Study found that school personnel only reports a small percentage of suspected abuse cases to Child Protective Services (Sechrist, 2000). Research has found that encountering a suspected case of child abuse is high among the fears of helping professionals (Wilson, Ir eton, Wood, 1997). It has been said that, while professionals are aware of their legal duty to report such cases, procedural uncertainty about how to go about reporting among other things are deterrents (Lambie, 2005). The decision of helping professionals to report suspected abuse is governed by both legal and ethical guidelines. Lambie (2005) discusses how professional ethics are in place to guide professionals throughout their ethical decision making. Within these ethical guidelines is a subgroup of ethics called mandatory ethics. Lambie goes on to discuss how the reporting of suspected child abuse falls under these mandatory ethics which crosses barriers into all disciplines. In 1974, the National Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (PL 93-247) was enacted by Congress which defined child abuse as (42 USCS 5101): Physical or mental injury, sexual abuse or exploitation, negligent treatment, or maltreatment of a child under the age of eighteen or the age specified by the child protection law of the state in question, by a person who is responsible for the childs welfare under circumstances which indicate that the childs health or welfare is harmed or threatened thereby. In addition to this act passed by congress all of the states in the United States have passed statutes that make it illegal for an individual who is aware of an instance of child abuse not to report it (North Carolina General Statutes, 2003). Based upon these laws and statutes, it is not only ethically required that helping professionals report suspected child abuse but failure to do so may also result in legal ramifications as well. The field of psychology provides an important service for those that are having trouble coping with a mental disability or other psychological aspect of their life. As was mentioned earlier those that see a psychologist as a patient are, many times, in a psychologically vulnerable state. This is why it is especially important for those within the field of psychology to follow the ethical guidelines developed for their field as closely as possible. Those that are steadfast in their ethical behavior help to ensure that their patients receive the best treatment possible and reduce the possibility of inflicting any psychological damage upon the patient. Ethical Dilemmas in Criminal Justice Just like in the discipline of psychology, it is also exceptionally important to follow ethical guidelines within the discipline of criminal justice. Those whose profession falls within the discipline of criminal justice find themselves in an authoritative role amongst those around them. This fact puts the individual in a position of having power over others. If the individual is not cautious, this power may be easily exploited. Again, as with psychology, dire consequences may be suffered. In some cases, innocent individuals may be wrongfully accused and convicted while the true guilty party is freed in which case justice is not served. Police officers who stray from ethical behavior risk termination as well as having their reputation tarnished within their community. These facts make it necessary for those in criminal justice, just like those within the field of psychology, to follow strict ethical guidelines as well (See Appendix A). Within this section the manuscript will discuss some of the ethical dilemmas that are encountered within the field of criminal justice. One action that a police officer must inevitably take part in is the use of force. The action of applying force is not unethical in itself though ethics do come into question when the use of force gets to the point of becoming excessive. In any case, excessive force is any force used beyond what is necessary to subdue an assailant. One high profile case through which excessive force by law enforcement was brought to the forefront is the case of Rodney King (Cannon, 1997). During this incident, a video was taken of Los Angeles Police Department officers striking King repeatedly with batons after he was lying on the ground. Unethical behavior, such as was displayed in this case, is not only damaging to the individual performing the action, but it is also damaging to the law enforcement community as a whole. The use of excessive force by an officer of the law may lead to termination and, more than likely, legal repercussions such as restitution, prison time, or both. Actions such as this may also lead to an overall mistrust of the law enforcement community by individuals within the public which in turn may lead to civil unrest. Referring back to the Rodney King case, many years after the fact tensions are still high within the Los Angeles community as a result of the incident as well as the occurrences that followed (Schoch Lin, 2007). This should be a major concern due to the fact that law enforcement, as well as the other professionals within the criminal justice community, are in place to serve and protect the public and are required to be trusted when the time comes to perform their duty. Another ethical behavior that must be practiced within any criminal justice profession, as well as any other profession, is the elimination of prejudice. Prejudice may be presented in many different forms including prejudice by race, gender, social standing, or any other individual criteria. One area of criminal justice in which prejudice is particularly damaging is during jury selection. If a seated jury is introduced into the courtroom with a preconceived prejudice based upon some characteristic of the case, it may, in fact impede upon an individuals right to a fair trial. In most instances, prejudices may cause an individual to draw conclusions about a defendants guilt or innocence before the evidence against the defendant is even presented. There are many sources of prejudice, some of which include media publicity, community involvement, gossip, and rumors (Vidmar, 2002). It is for this reason that jury selection for any given case is, at times, a long a drawn out process. Jury selection is utilized to remove any individuals which may house some of these prejudices, such as family and friends of any individuals involved in the process, or any individuals that have been affected in any way by the type of crime in question. Vidmar (2002) performed several case studies upon court cases and their involvement of pre- and midtrial prejudices a few of which the following paragraphs will summarize. One case that Vidmar (2002) discusses is the case of Regents of the University of California vs. Genentech (1999). The case involved patent infringement on the human growth hormone Protropin. The jurors had been chosen and a date for the trial had been set. Before the trial, defense lawyers had discovered that Genentech had pled guilty in a federal case involving off label promotion of Protropin and had to pay $50 million. Obviously the defense lawyers were concerned that this information, if brought to light to the current jurors, could affect the outcome of the trial. The judge refused to delay the trial but did instruct the jurors to refrain from reading any news articles that involved the company Genentech. During the trial, the jurors were in a waiting room waiting to be called into the trial and one of the jurors brought with them a copy of the Oakland Tribune to read during the wait. When the juror turned to the business section of the paper one of the headlines stated what ha d happened in the previously mentioned case Genentech was involved in. According to reports, there is evidence suggesting that several jurors also observed the same headline. Obviously, in a case such as this, the jury pool had been tainted to a certain degree with prejudice. Another case study discussed by Vidmar (2002) involved the case of R. v. Reynolds (1998). The case dealt with a mother named Louise Reynolds that had been charged with stabbing her 7-year-old daughter 84 times. During this period, a great deal of community hostility had been directed towards her after a memorial poem of her composure had been published within the local newspaper. The defense had presented an alternative means through which Ms. Reynolds daughter could have been killed which involved a pit bull near the crime scene that was found covered in blood. The body of the child was then exhumed and examined by two forensic scientists whose findings strongly supported the alternative means presented by the defense. These results were not published within the local newspaper but were covered in nationally circulated newspapers. In preparation for a motion for a change of venue, Vidmar conducted a survey assessing the level of hostility that still existed towards Ms. Reynolds. Out of the respondents, 75% said that they were capable of giving an unbiased decision towards the case. Of the same group that was surveyed, only 45% stated that a non-guilty verdict would be a satisfactory verdict within this case. This gives the indication that even though evidence had been presented in support of Ms. Reynolds innocence, the hostility that was introduced as a result of the published poem still lingered to a degree within those surveyed prejudicing their decisions. As is evidenced above, ethical behavior is detrimental to the proper transaction of justice. Unethical behavior within the criminal justice community may result in civil unrest, false convictions, or worse. The daily interactions of those within one of the many criminal justice professions provide ample opportunities for abuse of power and dishonesty as well as many other unethical behaviors. Therefore it is vitally important for those within the criminal justice community to be vigilant in their endeavors as well as strive to complete their duties in an ethical manner. Conclusion As one can see both the disciplines of psychology and criminal justice require strict ethical guidelines if they are to be professionally and effectively implemented. Professionals within both disciplines interact on a daily basis with individuals that are within a vulnerable state. The effects of unethical behavior within the confines of these disciplines can be tremendously harmful to both the professional as well as the individual that the professional is interacting with. Professionals within the field of psychology risk losing their practice as well as legal repercussions while the patients that are victim to the unethical behavior risk further damage to their already vulnerable mental state. Professionals within the criminal justice community risk termination, a tarnished reputation, and possibly even legal repercussions as well. The effects of unethical behavior within criminal justice deprive the affected individuals of their right to justice while, in some of the more extrem e cases, may even lead to civil unrest and a deep mistrust for the justice community as a whole. Given these facts, it is obvious the important role that ethics plays in ensuring the effectiveness as well as the professionalism in both the disciplines of psychology and criminal justice.

Cubism :: essays research papers

Cubism (a name suggested by Henri Matisse in 1909) is a non-objective approach to painting developed originally in France by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque around 1906. The early, "pre-Cubist" period (to 1906) is characterized by emphasizing the process of construction, of creating a pictorial rhythm, and converting the represented forms into the essential geometric shapes: the cube, the sphere, the cylinder, and the cone. Between 1909 and 1911, the analysis of human forms and still lifes (hence the name -- Analytical Cubism) led to the creation of a new stylistic system which allowed the artists to transpose the three-dimensional subjects into the flat images on the surface of the canvas. An object, seen from various points of view, could be reconstructed using particular separate "views" which overlapped and intersected. The result of such a reconstruction was a summation of separate temporal moments on the canvas. Picasso called this reorganized form the &qu ot;sum of destructions," that is, the sum of the fragmentations. Since color supposedly interferred in purely intellectual perception of the form, the Cubist palette was restricted to a narrow, almost monochromatic scale, dominated by grays and browns. A new phase in the development of the style, called Synthetic Cubism, began around 1912. In the center of the painters' attention was now the construction, not the analysis of the represented object -- in other words, creation instead of recreation. Color regained its decorative function and was no longer restricted to the naturalistic description of the form. Compositions were still static and centered, but they lost their depth and became almost abstract, although the subject was still visible in synthetic, simplified forms. The construction requirements brought about the introduction of new textures and new materials (cf. paper collages). Cubism lasted till 1920s and had a profound effect on the art of the avant-garde. Russian painters were introduced to Cubism through the works bought and displayed by wealthy patrons like Shchukin and Morozov. As they did with many other movements, the Russians interpreted and transformed Cubism in their own unique way. In particular, the Russian Cubists carried even further the abstract potential of the style. Some of the most outstanding Cubist works came from the brush of Malevich, Popova, and Udal'tsova.

High School vs College Essay

Upon attending college for a semester and a half, I have found that I enjoy being a college student more than being a high school student. In the time that i have been in college, I have seen that more freedom is allowed to students in college than in high school. Such choices as the note taking, the environment, or class selection are a few examples of how college is less restrictive than high school. Because of the educational freedom and having more control over my education, I find being a college student more enjoyable than being a high school student. In high school, the classes that students take appear to be easy. They seem easy because when a person is in high school, he/she can just brush effects off. For example, if someone does not pay attention and does not do anything for the entire class period, he/she can copy someone else’s notes and still learn the material because they have that class five days a week. Another reason high school classes give the impression of being easy is because a person can miss school/class, not get penalized, and most of the time the teacher will go over the material the student had missed. â€Å"High school is mandatory and free whereas college is voluntary and expensive. â€Å"(Information for High School Students) On the other hand in college, the classes appear to be hard. A college student cannot just brush a class off. Well, he/she can, but they will suffer from it in the long run. For instance, if someone does happen to attend class but has no intention of paying attention to the lecture, he/she is going to suffer from not being attentive and will wish he/she did pay attention because most of the time professors do not review any of the lectures or material before a test. Like high school, a college student can copy another student’s notes it may be slightly helpful, but not as much as if they had been in class and attentive. College classes are also hard because a person cannot really miss a class. In order to know what is going on and what assignments are going to be due, a student needs to attend every class if possible because he/she does not have the same class five days a week. In college, it is either two or three days a week and that is it. If someone does miss a class, it is very hard to catch up on what he/she missed. In high school, â€Å"teachers provide you with information you missed when you were absent but in college professors expect you to get from classmates any notes from classes you missed. † (The Differences High school vs College) In my opinion, missing one class in college is like missing a whole week in high school because that is how much material is covered in one class. Another topic to be compared and contrasted is note taking and teachers. in high school, the notes are given directly to the students by the teacher; spelled out and everything. Sometimes the teacher will tell the students what to write down in their notes from the textbooks that are given to them. The teacher will usually tell them what to study and wait until everyone is finished writing to continue. Similarily in college sometimes a student does get one of the professors which do tell them what to write down and do write notes on the board for them, but the notes are not as vague as in high school. On the other hand, when a professor lectures, the students have to listen carefully and write downideas that seem to be importnat to them. In college, abbreviations are a key aspect because people are not going to be able to write down the professor’s lecture word for word, so instead they take the main ideas and write them down. Teachers, both in high school and college, differ in his/her own class policies. For example, both in high school and in college, you can have one teacher that is extremely nice and will tell you what to write and study and you can also have a teacher who is not so nice and does not tell you anything and you have to kind of figure it out for yourself. The last topic in which i am going to compare and contrast is the atmosphere/environment. In highschool, a student does not really have much freedom, high school is kind of like a jail. A student has to be in class by a certain time, and if he/she is late, he/she can get in an enormous amount of trouble. For instance, if a high school walks into class five minutes late, and his/her teacher is not very nice, that student is most likely going to receive a referaal and a detention. A student in high school only has roughly two to three minutes between each class. However, in college the environment is not as strict. There is a good amount of freedom at college. There are breaks between classes anywhere from a few minutes to a few hours. During these breaks, a person does not have to stay at school. â€Å"Although there is freedom in college, likewise to high school eventhough a college student will not get a referral or detention the student’s professor does seem to get mad if a student is late consistentaly and will take a point or two off his/her participation and effort grade, if he/she happen to have one of those not so nice professor’s. â€Å"(Personal Interview) Overall, there are many similarities and differences between high school and college. I found there to be more differences in my search than similarities. I stated three subject matters but there are many more, such as, the tests, the people, the work, and so on. Being a college student now, if there was an opportunity for me to go back and relive my high school days i would, but this time i would pay much more attention because once someone gets to college it seems to be ten times harder!

Property Law- Adverse Possession Essay

Introduction To understand the comments made by Young J in Shaw v Garbutt (1996) 7 BPR 14 at 816, it is necessary to discuss the doctrine of adverse possession, it’s requirements and the history of how this law has been interpreted. Philosophy of adverse possession The basic underlying philosophy for the doctrine of adverse possession is that historically land use has been favoured over disuse. The doctrine protects ownership by barring stale claims of non-occupiers and errors in the title records. The intention is not to â€Å"reward the diligent trespasser for his wrong nor to penalise the negligent and dormant owner for sleeping upon his rights†¦Ã¢â‚¬  . At common law, the possession of land raises a prima facie presumption that the possessor is the owner, and modern cases concentrate on possession as the basis of proprietary interest. What this amounts to is that a person may acquire property without the consent of the actual titleholder if he or she possesses it long enough and meets the legal requirements. Situations may arise where a person who is not the rightful owner of land occupies the land without the permission of the rightful owner. This kind of occupation of land may be deliberate, for example by a squatter who is intentionally trespassing on the land, or it may be inadvertent, for example by a neighbouring landowner who unwittingly occupies the property. The person wrongfully dispossessed of the land has a right to bring proceedings against the occupier to recover the land. However, in certain circumstances, limitation law operates after a period of time to deny the rightful owner the opportunity to bring such an action. When this happens, the occupier is able to continue in occupation undisturbed except by anyone who can prove a better legal right to possession of the land. To seek a title by adverse possession, both the satisfaction of the common law requirements in relation to adverse possession and expiration of the relevant limitation period must be established. Requirements of an adverse possessor The Real Property Act 1900 s 45D (1)(b) provides that a person in possession of land may apply at any time to the Registrar General to be recorded as the registered proprietor of the land if: â€Å"the title of the registered proprietor of an estate or interest in the land would, at or before that time, have been extinguished as against the person so in possession had the statutes of limitation in force at that time and any earlier time applied, while in force, in respect of that land†. In NSW the current legislation on limitation of actions is governed by the Limitation Act 1969. S.27(2) of the Act states that the limitation period for an action to recover land is 12 years. S 45D(4) of the Act prevents the lodgement of a possessory application unless the whole of the period of adverse possession (in this case, twelve years) is expired. S.28 of the Act provides that the cause of any action accrues on the date of dispossession or discontinuance. To dispossess a rightful owner of land, actual possession of land without notice must exist. Actual possession consists of the following two elements: *factual possession – the appropriate degree of exclusive physical control of the land in question; and *animus possidendi – an intention to possess that land to the exclusion of all others including the true owner. One without the other will not be sufficient. To amount to adverse possession  the acts of possession must be inconsistent with the documentary owners intended use. In Beever v Spaceline Engineering Pty Ltd (1993) 6 BPR 13,270, 13,283, Bryson, J stated possession must be â€Å"actual, open, visible, notorious, continuous and hostile to the title of the true owner† to exist. In Mulcahy v Curramore [1974] 2 NSWLR 464, however, Bowen, CJ stated that to amount to possession the inclusion of the requirements â€Å"peaceful, not by force† must exist. In analysing this, Young J in Shaw v Garbutt posed the question â€Å"Is it a requirement that adverse possession be â€Å"peaceful, not by force†.† Adverse possession – inclusion of peaceful and not by force requirements Young J carefully considered the above judgment of Bowen CJ in Mulcahy v Curramore in light of the particular circumstances of Shaw v Garbutt and closely researched the definition of â€Å"peaceable† at common law. He did this in two ways; firstly he considered other judges definition of â€Å"peaceable† (including internationally); and secondly, he considered how precedence within Australia dealt with the interpretation of an aggressive act to protect one’s property whilst in adverse possession. Young, J detailed the literal translation of words used by Bowen, CJ to be â€Å"without force, without stealth, and as of right† . The Statute of Forcible Entry 1381 provides that entry into any lands except where entry is given by law must be peaceable and easy in manner. Contrary to this, is punishable by imprisonment. In Australia, the modern equivalent replacements provide ‘that it is lawful for a person in peaceable possession of land with a claim of right to use such force as he or she reasonably believes to be necessary to defend his or her possession against any person whether entitled by law to possession of the property or not, provided bodily harm is no caused†. Despite this offence of forcible entry, it was found in Hemmings v Stoke Poges Golf Club Ltd [1920] 1 KB 720 that † a person retaining possession of land has no civil action for damages against the rightful owner who forcibly enters the premises unless more force is used than is reasonably necessary†. The bench further observed that â€Å"it will still remain the law that a person who replies to a claim for trespass and assault that he ejected a trespasser on his property with no more force than was necessary may be successfully met by the reply that he used more force than was necessary if the jury can be induced to find it.† In Shaw v Garbutt many authorities are cited with varying interpretations of peaceable possession. Generally peaceable possession is seen as possession that is continuous and is not interrupted. That is it is equated not with the use of force or threats to defend possession of the land or disturbed by the commencement of a suit for possession. Clearly where violent and unlawful force is used in defending land criminal action can be pursued. Whether the possessor has been peaceable or not is a pure question of fact. Forcible or threatening conduct in warning people off property can be characterised as an act going to establish possession of the land. In Beever v Spaceline Engineering Pty Limited, the person in possession warned other persons off land by threatening with a shotgun. This was held to be â€Å"very unsatisfactory behaviour† however it was â€Å"an act of possession, in that it asserted a right to control the presence of the other person† . Young J in Shaw v Garbut t also stated that if the ‘warning off’ of the property was found to not be ‘peaceful’ at common law, the outcome of the case could have been different. In Bartlett v Ryan [2000] NSWSC 807 (16 August 2000) the specific facts of  the circumstances were considered and in this case the acts of force were determined such that the plaintiff was â€Å"deprived of the benefit of their adverse possession because it could not be said to have been nec vi nec clam nec precario, and particularly that it could not be said that it was peaceably and not by force that they had obtained and maintained possession† . As unlawful force was found an injunction was granted. Conclusion I return to the philosophy of the doctrine of adverse possession, which is fundamentally to protect property rights. The intention is not to encourage the wrongful taking of possession of land. To do so would only promote violent and unlawful acts, which would naturally occur between the parties disputing ownership of land. A person’s right to acquire real property by adverse possession begins with the wrongful occupation of another person’s property. In the event that an action is made to recover the possession of land by the rightful owner gives a circumstance where each party can exercise the rights to possession of that land. Whilst possession must be considered in every case with reference to the peculiar circumstances it is a requirement that all acts of possession be peaceable and without force, where peaceable infers uninterrupted and without force infers without violence. Protests and argument may not prevent the finding of adverse possession but obstruction and the use of unlawful physical force would.